Immunomodulatory action of jacalin from Artocarpus integrifolia and mannoprotein from Saccharomyces uvarum on the humoral immunity of laying hens / Avaliação da ação imunomoduladora do Jacalin de Artocarpus integrifolia e mannoprotein de Saccharomyces uvarum na imunidade humoral das galinhas poedeiras

ABSTRACT: Advances in the fields of glycobiology and immunology have provided many insights into the role of carbohydrate-protein interactions in the immune system. Jacalin of Artocarpus integrifolia (JCA) and structural mannoprotein of Saccharomyces uvarum (MPS) are molecules with immunomodulatory properties. JCA is an IgA human lectin binding molecule that causes the mitogenic stimulation of immune cells, production of cytokines, chemotaxis, and activation of leukocytes. Studies on the immunomodulatory properties of JCA and MPS in mammals and fish suggest that they have an action on antibody production. The aim of this study was to investigate the possible action of JCA and MPS on the production of specific antibodies in laying hens. For this, laying hens were inoculated with an intra abdominal injection of sheep red blood cells (SRBC) with either JCA (0.075 µg, 0.75 µg, and 7.5 µg) or MPS (20 µg and 100 µg). Levels of anti-SRBC antibodies of the IgY, IgM, and IgA classes were evaluated by ELISA. Results showed that JCA and MPS have immunomodulatory effects on levels of anti-SRBC IgM, IgA, and IgY. An immunostimulatory effect of JCA was observed in primary immune response on anti-SRBC IgY, while an inhibitory effect of JCA and MPS was observed in secondary immune response on the production of IgM and IgA anti-SRBC. These results suggested that MPS and JCA have immunomodulatory effects on antibody production and could be used in future studies on humoral immune response in poultry.

RESUMO: Avanços nos campos glicobiologia e imunologia forneceram muitas informações sobre o papel das interações da proteína-carboidrato na modulação do sistema imunológico. A jacalina extraída de Artocarpus integrifolia (JCA) e a manoproteína da parede celular de Saccharomyces uvarum (MPS) são moléculas com propriedades imunomoduladoras. JCA é uma lectina com afinidade pela IgA humana e tem ação mitogênica sobre células do sistema imunológico estimulando a produção de citocinas, a quimiotaxia e a ativação de leucócitos. Estudos sobre as propriedades imunomoduladoras de JCA e MPS em mamíferos e peixes sugerem que essas moléculas podem ter um efeito sobre a produção de anticorpos. O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar a ação da JCA e MPS sobre a produção de anticorpos específicos em galinhas poedeiras. Para isso, galinhas poedeiras foram inoculadas por via intra-abdominal com eritrócitos de carneiro (SRBC) em associação com o JCA (0,075 µg, 0,75 µg, e 7,5 µg) ou MPS (20 µg e 100 µg). Os níveis de anticorpos anti-SRBC das classes IgY, IgM, e IgA foram avaliados por ELISA. Os resultados mostraram que a JCA e a MPS têm um efeito imunomodulador sobre a produção IgY, IgM, ou IgA anti-SRBC. Um efeito imunoestimulador da JCA foi observado sobre a produção de anticorpos IgY na resposta imune primária, enquanto um efeito imuno inibitório da JCA e da MPS sobre a produção de IgM e IgA anti-SRBC na resposta imune secundária. Estes resultados sugerem que o MPS e JCA tem efeito modulador sobre a produção de anticorpos e podem ser utilizados em estudos futuros sobre a imunidade humoral em aves comerciais.

Acetic Acid Bacteria in the Food Industry: Systematics, Characteristics and Applications.

The group of Gram-negative bacteria capable of oxidising ethanol to acetic acid is called acetic acid bacteria (AAB). They are widespread in nature and play an important role in the production of food and beverages, such as vinegar and kombucha. The ability to oxidise ethanol to acetic acid also allows the unwanted growth of AAB in other fermented beverages, such as wine, cider, beer and functional and soft beverages, causing an undesirable sour taste. These bacteria are also used in the production of other metabolic products, for example, gluconic acid, l-sorbose and bacterial cellulose, with potential applications in the food and biomedical industries. The classification of AAB into distinct genera has undergone several modifications over the last years, based on morphological, physiological and genetic characteristics. Therefore, this review focuses on the history of taxonomy, biochemical aspects and methods of isolation, identification and quantification of AAB, mainly related to those with important biotechnological applications.

Modulation of vascular function and anti-aggregation effect induced by (1→3) (1→6)-ß-d-glucan of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and its carboxymethylated derivative in rats.

BACKGROUND: ß-d-Glucans are polysaccharides found in the cell walls of yeasts, such as Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and they have been studied because of their beneficial effects on health, mainly in terms of immunomodulation. However, information on the action of these polymers on vascular and platelet function is still scarce. This study evaluate the effect of (1→3) (1→6) ß-d-glucan (ßG-Sc) and its carboxymethylated derivative (CM-G) on vascular and platelet function in rats. METHODS: The animals received daily oral treatments with ßG-Sc (20mg/kg) and CM-G (20mg/kg) for eight days. Next, cytokine quantification, vascular reactivity and adenosine diphosphate (ADP)- and collagen-induced platelet aggregation studies were performed. In vitro platelet aggregation and P-selectin exposition assays were conducted using 100 and 300µg/mL CM-G. RESULTS: The CM-G-treated group had less IL-8 than did the control. In reactivity experiments, CM-G and ßG-Sc treatments did not change the contractile response of the vessel induced by PHE. Moreover, only CM-G improved the vasorelaxation response to Nitroprusside (SPN, a nitric oxide donor). The in vitro aggregation studies showed that at the highest concentration (300µg/mL), CM-G inhibited the agonist-induced platelet aggregation with an effect similar to that of acetylsalicylic acid and without affecting P-selectin exposition. The treatments with ßG-Sc or CM-G inhibited the platelet aggregation stimulated by ADP, but only ßG-Sc treatment was effective in affect the collagen-stimulated aggregation. CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest that CM-G modulate positively the vascular function, mainly in responses NO-dependent. CM-G and ßG-Sc have an anti-aggregation effect, being CM-G more selective to ADP-induced platelet aggregation.

Characterisation and microstructure of reduced-fat chicken patties made with a novel polymer from Agrobacterium radiobacter k84.

Chicken patties elaborated with a novel polymer from Agrobacterium radiobacter k84 (ARB) were characterised during 60days of frozen storage. After cooking, formulations without ARB (F0), with ARB 5 g/100 g (F5) and ARB 10 g/100 g (F10) presented 4.23%, 2.83% and 0.11% fat, respectively. No differences were observed to water holding capacity, cooking yield and shear force among formulations. Microstructural analysis showed formation of meat emulsion for F5 and gel for F10. Colour and chicken flavour decreased with increase of ARB; no difference was found for tenderness among the formulations. Overall acceptance showed higher scores for F0 when compared to F5 and F10. Lipid oxidation was not a limiting factor for stability of patties; all formulations presented suitable microbiological quality over the assessed period. These results suggest ARB as a promising fat substitute, capable of maintain the quality aspects of chicken patties, although a negative impact in colour has been found.

Saccharomyces uvarum mannoproteins stimulate a humoral immune response in mice

Yeasts discarded in industrial processes can be used as a nutritional supplement and to extract cellular components with biotechnological aims. In this study, the humoral immune response of Swiss mice treated with mannoproteins (MP) from the yeast Saccharomyces uvarum was evaluated. The mice were treated with MPs at different doses and times and inoculated with 2% sheep red blood cells. An increase in total Ig in mice treated with 100 μg of MP at the time of immunization or 24 h before was observed in the primary immune response; in the secondary immune response, an increase was observed in total Ig values for all groups, and an increase of IgG was observed in the mice treated with MPs (100 μg) at the time of immunization or 24 h before. These results show that S. uvarum MPs present an immunostimulatory action on the humoral immune response in mice.

Obtenção e caracterização de manoproteínas da parede celular de leveduras de descarte em cervejaria / Obtainment and characterization of mannoproteins from brewer's yeast cell wall

A biomassa de levedura resultante da produção de cerveja é mátéria-prima para extração de componentes celulares, incluíndo manoproteínas. O presente trabalho avaliou a possibilidade da utilização da levedura Saccharomyces sp. descartada em cervejaria, para obtenção de extrato com manoproteínas. A extração foi conduzida segundo delineamento fatorial incompleto, Box-Behnken 33, para as variáveis temperaturas (75, 85 e 95ºC), tempo de extração (5, 7 e 9h) e concentração da suspensão de parede celular (10, 15 e 20%). O etanol residual da fermentação não interfere na obtenção do extrato contendo manoproteínas. O maior índice de extração foi 4,08%, observado para temperatura de 95ºC na concentração de 10% por 7h e 15% por 9h. A validação experimental do maior índice predito resultou em 4,50% de extrato, confirmando a capacidade preditiva do modelo. A manoproteína obtida, a partir de 10% de parede celular (95ºC, 9h), apresentou 51,39% de proteínas, com 58 e 64 kDa, e 25,89% de carboidratos, distribuídos entre manose e glicose. A atividade emulsificante foi de 62,50 ± 0,88% e a estabilidade da emulsão foi de 96,00 ± 1,40%. Estes resultados evidenciam o potencial bioemulsificante do extrato e a viabilidade de utilização da levedura descartada em cervejarias para obtenção de compostos com propriedades industriais interessantes.

The biomass of yeast after beer production is a raw-material for cell components extraction, including mannoproteins. The present study evaluated the using viability of spent brewer's yeast Saccharomyces sp. for obtainment of extract containing mannoprotein. The extraction was conducted by Box-Behnken 33 incomplete design, for the variables temperature (75, 85 and 95ºC), time of extraction (5, 7 and 9h) and concentration of cell wall in suspension (10, 15 and 20%). The residual ethanol of fermentation doesn't have interference in the obtaining of extract containing mannoproteins. The highest rate of extraction was 4.08%, obtained at 95ºC, with 10% cell wall by 7h and with 15% of cell wall during 9h. The experimental validation for obtaining of the maximum predicted resulted in 4.50% of extract, confirming the model predictable capacity. The extract containing mannoprotein obtained from 10% of cell wall (95ºC, 9h) had 51.39% of proteins, with 58 and 64 kDa, and 25.89% of carbohydrates, distributed in mannose and glucose. The emulsification activity was 62.50 ± 0.88% and the emulsion stability was 96.00 ± 1.4%. These results evidence the bioemulsifier potential of the extract and the viability of using spent yeast from brewery for obtainment of compounds with industrial interesting properties.

Protective effect of carboxymethyl-glucan (CM-G) against DNA damage in patients with advanced prostate cancer.

Carboxymethyl-glucan (CM-G) is a soluble derivative from Saccharomyces cerevisiae (1 → 3)(1 → 6)-ß-D-glucan. The protective efficiency of CM-G against DNA damage in cells from patients with advanced prostate cancer (PCa), and undergoing Androgen Deprivation Therapy (ADT), was evaluated. DNA damage scores were obtained by the comet assay, both before and after treatment with CM-G. The reduction in DNA damage, ranging from 18% to 87%, with an average of 59%, was not related to the increased number of leukocytes in peripheral blood. The results demonstrate for the first time the protective effect of CM-G against DNA damage in patients with advanced PCa. Among smokers, three presented the highest reduction in DNA damage after treatment with CM-G. There was no observable relationship between DNA damage scores before and after treatment, and age, alcoholism and radiotherapy.

Protective effect of carboxymethyl-glucan (CM-G) against DNA damage in patients with advanced prostate cancer

Carboxymethyl-glucan (CM-G) is a soluble derivative from Saccharomyces cerevisiae (1 → 3)(1 → 6)-β-D-glucan. The protective efficiency of CM-G against DNA damage in cells from patients with advanced prostate cancer (PCa), and undergoing Androgen Deprivation Therapy (ADT), was evaluated. DNA damage scores were obtained by the comet assay, both before and after treatment with CM-G. The reduction in DNA damage, ranging from 18 percent to 87 percent, with an average of 59 percent, was not related to the increased number of leukocytes in peripheral blood. The results demonstrate for the first time the protective effect of CM-G against DNA damage in patients with advanced PCa. Among smokers, three presented the highest reduction in DNA damage after treatment with CM-G. There was no observable relationship between DNA damage scores before and after treatment, and age, alcoholism and radiotherapy.

Avaliação da mutagenicidade e antimutagenicidade de um biopolímero extraído do microorganismo Agrobacterium radiobacter em camundongos Swiss / Assessment of mutagenicity and antimutagenicity of a biopolymer extracted from the microorganism Agrobacterium radiobacter in mice

A presente pesquisa avaliou a ação mutagênica e antimutagênica de um biopolímero de glucose extraído da Agrobacterium radiobacter (Biopolímero de Agrobacterium radiobacter). O experimento foi realizado com camundongos Swiss machos divididos em oito grupos. O tratamento com o biopolímero foi realizado por gavage em dose única concomitante a uma dose de solução tampão fosfato nos grupos de avaliação da mutagenicidade, ou ao agente indutor de danos no DNA, ciclofosfamida, na concentração de 50 mg/kg (peso corpóreo - p.c.), nos grupos de avaliação da antimutagenicidade. Utilizou-se o teste de micronúcleo em sangue periférico e a coleta de sangue foi realizada 24 e 48 h após a aplicação das substâncias-teste. A análise estatística demonstrou que o biopolímero não possui atividade mutagênica e que é efetivo em prevenir danos no DNA. As porcentagens de redução de danos nos grupos de antimutagenicidade foram de 83,9 por cento, 89,1 por cento e 103,1 por cento em 24 h e 101,24 por cento, 98,14 por cento e 120,64 por cento em 48 h para as doses de 75, 150 e 300mg/kg (p.c.), respectivamente. A alta porcentagem de redução de danos associada à ausência de efeitos mutagênicos indica, além da atividade quimioprotetora, a possibilidade do biopolímero ser um alimento funcional candidato à utilização como co-adjuvante na quimioterapia para prevenir efeitos colaterais.

This study evaluated the mutagenic and ant mutagenic action of a biopolymer of glucose extracted from Agrobacterium radiobacter (Biopolymer of Agrobacterium radiobacter). The experiment was conducted with Swiss male mice divided into eight groups. Treatment with the biopolymer was performed in a single dose by gavage at a dose of concomitant phosphate buffer groups in the evaluation of mutagenicity, or the agent of inducing DNA damage, cyclophosphamide, the concentration of 50 mg/kg (body weight --b.w.), in groups of assessment ant mutagenic. We used the micronucleus test in peripheral blood. The blood sample was held 24 and 48 h after application of the test substances. Statistical analysis showed that the biopolymer has no mutagenic activity and it is effective in preventing damage to DNA. The percentages of damage reduction in groups of ant mutagenic were 83.9 percent, 89.1 percent and 103.1 percent in 24 h and 101.24 percent, 98.14 percent and 120.64 percent at doses of 48 to 75, 150 and 300 mg/kg (b.w.) respectively. The high percentage of damage reduction associated with the absence of mutagenic effects indicates the possibility of biopolymer chemoprotection action. It can also be considered a functional food candidate to be used as co-adjuvant chemotherapy to prevent side effects.

Uso de probiótico e de antibióticos na alimentação de leitões em fase de creche / Probiotic and antibiotics on swine feeding during nursery phase

O experimento foi conduzido visando avaliar o uso de duas doses de probióticos comparadas com rações medicadas com dois princípios antimicrobianos (tilosina e doxiciclina + gentamicina) para leitões em fase de creche (21 a 63 dias de idade). Foram utilizados 48 animais submetidos aos seguintes tratamentos: T1-ração com 39 ppm de sulfato de tilosina; T2-ração com 1,9 x 107 UFC/100g de ração; T3–ração com 3,8 x 107 UFC/100g de ração; e T4–ração com 13,6 ppm de cloridrato de doxiciclina + 8,8 ppm de sulfato de gentamicina de doxigent. Foram avaliados o ganho diário de peso, o consumo diário de ração, a conversão alimentar e a ocorrência de diarréias. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos casualizados, com 4 tratamentos e 6 repetições (cada repetição foi representada por uma baia com 2 leitões). Os dados de desempenho foram submetidos à análise de variância e as médias comparadas pelo teste de Tukey. Para a comparação da ocorrência de diarréia (entre dois tratamentos) foi utilizado o teste de qui-quadrado. Não foram observadas diferenças entre os tratamentos para os parâmetros de desempenho. Houve maior ocorrência de diarréia para o tratamento 1, comparado com cada um dos demais tratamentos. Os melhores resultados para índices de eficiência econômica foram, respectivamente, para T4, T3, T1 e T2. A utilização de probióticos ou dos princípios antimicrobianos, nas doses empregadas, determinam resultados positivos no desempenho de leitões na fase de creche.

The purpose of the experiment was to evaluate the use of two probiotic doses compared with dietsformulated with two antibiotics principles (tylosin and doxicycline+gentamicin) supplied to swines duringnursery phase (ages of 21 to 63 days). Forty eight swines were submitted to the following treatments: T1(Treatment 1) - diets with 39 ppm of tylosin phosphate; T2 (Treatment 2) - diets with 1.9 x 107 UFC/100gof ration; T3 (Treatment 3) - diets with 3.8 x 107 UFC/100g of ration and T4 (Treatment 4) - diets with 13.6ppm of doxicycline chloridrate + 8.8 ppm of gentamicin sulfate. Were evaluated the daily weight gain, thedaily feed intake, the feed conversion and the diarrhea occurrence. The experimental design was done inrandomized blocks, with 4 treatments and 6 replications (each replication was represented by a pen with twoswines). The performance data were submitted to a variance analysis (ANOVA) and the results were comparedby the Tukey-Kramer post-hoc test. To compare the occurrence of diarrhea (among 2 treatments) was used the qui-square test. There were no differences between treatments for performance parameters. The T1presented the highest occurrence of diarrhea compared to the other treatments. The best economic efficiencyresults were observed to T4, T3, T1 and T2, respectively. The use of probiotics or antibiotics principles, on theapplied doses, determined positive results in the performance of swines during nursery phase.

Chemical and microbiological evaluation of ensiled sugar cane with different additives

Sugar cane silage has a potential for animal feeding, but uncontrolled growth of undesirable microorganisms may cause nutritional losses and affect the animal productivity and health. The objective of this work was to evaluate the microbiological quality and chemical composition of ensiled sugar cane with and without nutritional additives after 30 days of fermentation. Yeasts, filamentous fungi and distinct groups of bacteria were enumerated by plate count methods and the chemical analyzes comprised dry matter, crude protein, fiber content, lignin, and pH. Facultative aerobic bacteria and filamentous fungi were not detected during the fermentative process in any of the treatments. The number of yeasts in five varieties of sugar cane silage without additives was about 6.55 Log CFU g-1 of silage, and with 1 percent ammonium sulfate and 1 percent urea were about 5.86 and 5.50 Log CFU g-1 of silage, respectively. The lactic acid bacteria (LAB) count without additive was about 8.62 Log CFU g-1 of silage, and with 1 percent ammonium sulfate and 1 percent urea the count was about 6.40 and 6.54 Log CFU g-1 of silage, respectively. The average percent of dry material in the three treatments was 20.76 percent. The addition of ammonium sulphate and urea has decreased the microbial load after 30 days but it has increased the total crude protein concentration. Additives also affected neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber and lignin content in all five varieties of sugar cane silage.

A silagem de cana-de-açúcar apresenta grande potencial para o uso na alimentação animal, entretanto o crescimento de microrganismos não desejáveis durante o processo fermentativo pode causar perdas nutricionais e conseqüentemente afetar o rendimento de produção e também a saúde dos animais. Este estudo objetivou avaliar a qualidade microbiológica e a composição química de silagens de cana-de-açúcar em silos experimentais com e sem a adição de aditivos nutritivos durante o período de 30 dias. Bactérias aeróbicas facultativas e fungos filamentosos não foram detectados nas amostras em nenhum dos tratamentos analisados. A população de leveduras nas silagens das cinco variedades de cana-de-açúcar sem aplicação de aditivos foi em média 6,55 log UFC g-1 de silagem e, com aplicação de 1 por cento de sulfato de amônia e 1 por cento de uréia foi em média de 5,86 e 5,50 log UFC g-1 de silagem, respectivamente. A população de bactérias do ácido lático nos silos sem aditivos foi de 8,62 log UFC g-1 de silagem e nos silos com sulfato de amônio e uréia foi de 6,40 e 6,54 log UFC g-1 de silagem, respectivamente. A percentagem média de matéria seca das silagens nos três tratamentos foi de 20,76 por cento. A adição dos nutrientes nitrogenados diminuiu a população microbiana após os 30 dias da cana de açúcar ensilada, mas aumentou a concentração de proteína bruta. A presença dos aditivos também afetou a concentração das fibras de detergente neutro e ácida e lignina nas cinco variedades de cana de açúcar ensiladas.

Antibiose relacionada a cultivo de Lactobacillus acidophilus. 1. Seleçäo de linhagem e estudo de meio de cultivo alternativo à base de queijo / Antibiosis associated to Lactobacillus acidophilus growth. 1. strain selection and study of an alternative medium using whey

The production of antimicrobial compounds of some strains of Lactobacillus acidophilus has been studied. They have been grown in whey supplemented with soja milk. It has been found that the production of compounds is able to inhibit the growing of both target bacteria analysed: Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. The results showed a significant variation (p<0.05) depending on the strain from the presence of the lactic acid produced. It has also been found the production of other antimicrobial compounds showing inhibitory capacity. The action of these compounds was influenced by the substract pH(AB)